What is the model called where health care is provided by individuals who are not employees of the HMO?

The model described in the question is known as an open-panel HMO. In this type of health maintenance organization, healthcare providers are not employees of the HMO; instead, they operate independently and can see patients from various health plans, including those outside the HMO. This structure allows members of the HMO the flexibility to seek care from a broader selection of physicians and hospitals, not just those affiliated directly with the HMO.

An open-panel HMO contrasts with models where providers are directly employed by the organization or are part of a contracted group. These models may restrict provider choice or require members to use a specific network of doctors and facilities. The open-panel model is therefore characterized by a less restrictive approach to provider participation, offering a wider range of options for patients within the confines of HMO coverage.